The Speech Learning Model, SLM, is a model of L2 pronunciation that explains how second language learners pick up new sounds. All languages have their vowels, intonations, and other nuanced speech sounds. In many cases, this forces second language learners to reform sounds learned in their native tongue and develop new language skills. James Fledge developed SLM, and it explains exactly how this phenomenon occurs.
It also explains why some sounds are harder to learn and why adults often keep their accents. The model links what we hear to how we speak and how we store those sounds in the brain. It gives us a foundation for understanding the real challenges of second language pronunciation.
L1 Influence on L2 Pronunciation
Our native language makes a big impact on how we learn to speak a new one. When an L2 sound is close to something in our L1, we might not hear the difference. This can lead to using L1 sounds by mistake, which is where accents come from. To sound more native, learners have to build new categories for those unfamiliar sounds. This process is slow but necessary for more accurate and confident speech.
The Role of Age
Age matters in how we learn sounds, but it’s not a hard limit. Younger learners might find it easier to pick up new sounds, but older learners can still improve with the right practice. The model shows that exposure and motivation play a big role. Learning doesn’t stop at a certain age—it just looks different. With regular feedback and effort, even adult learners can reshape how they hear and speak.
Perception and Production
The way we hear a sound affects how we say it. If we mishear something in L2, we’re likely to mispronounce it too. Fixing our listening skills helps improve our speaking. That’s why good pronunciation training always includes listening practice. Better perception gives us a better blueprint for correct speech. Listening to native pronunciation and accents can definitely speed up the learning curve and help you iron out small details.
Interaction Between Languages
Your first and second languages are always talking to each other. Learning L2 doesn’t replace L1—it builds on it. Sometimes, L2 can even change how you hear your native language. This back-and-forth is part of what makes speech learning so complex. Both languages are active in your brain and influence each other more than we might expect.
Forming New Sound Categories
To really improve L2 pronunciation, learners have to create brand-new sound categories. The brain needs to separate L2 sounds from similar L1 ones. This only happens through repeated, focused exposure. It takes time, but it’s key to clearer speech. The more varied and consistent the input, the stronger these new categories become. Some of these sounds may be difficult to produce for speakers whose native tongue doesn’t have any similar phonemes. But with speech techniques and devices, they can learn to produce them effectively.
SLM in the Classroom
Students don’t just prioritise learning sound differences between the languages but also get real feedback that they can use to gain a better grasp of the new sounds and intonations. When these nuances are broken down into simple phonemes and sound blocks, it becomes easier for the student to tackle. This model has proven results, giving the student the necessary tones and inflections to master L2 language pronunciation. It also encourages teachers to focus on this aspect of language teaching. And not just emphasise fluency or literacy.
Why This Model Matters
The SLM gives us more than just a theory; it offers a way to approach real challenges in language learning. It helps learners see why certain sounds are difficult and what they can do about it. Instead of guessing, teachers and students can use this model as a guide. It’s a reminder that improvement is possible, even if it takes time. Knowing the ‘why’ behind difficulties helps build patience and persistence in learners.
Concluding Thoughts on SLM Learning
The Speech Learning Model helps explain why second language pronunciation is tough and how learners can make progress. By showing how L1 shapes L2 learning and how speech sounds are stored and used, it gives teachers and learners useful tools. Even with an accent, learners can still grow—with the right kind of input and practice. With awareness and effort, clearer, more natural speech is within reach. SLM reminds us that success in language learning comes from understanding, not just imitation.